Glossary & Bibliography

The following tables define the transport and product segments used in the study.

Transport segment	Description
Very high-speed (VHS)	Rolling stock laid out for operations at ≥ 300 km/h; infrastructure laid out for operations at ≥ 250 km/h
Mainline	High-speed (HS), intercity and regional traffic products If broad or narrow gauges play a significant role, corresponding infrastructure and rolling stock are accounted for Commuter rail (e.g., S-Bahn)
Urban	Light rail/tramway products (both operating with overhead cable and catenary-free products) Metro products, also including rubber-tired systems Automated systems, including people mover systems and monorail systems
Freight	Products employed solely for freight operations; mixed infrastructure (track used for passenger and freight operations) is included in the mainline segment

Rolling stock categories	Description
Very high-speed trains (VHS trains)	Trains with operational speed over and equal to 300 km/h Standardised counting: each car is counted as one unit (e.g., a trainset with eight cars and two power heads is counted as ten units)
High-speed trains (HS trains)	Trains with operational speed from 220 to 299 km/h Excluding locomotives at speed threshold; these are allocated to electric locomotives Standardised counting: each car is counted as one unit (e.g., a trainset with eight cars and two power heads is counted as ten units)
Electric locomotives	Locomotives with an electric engine Powerheads are excluded
Diesel locomotives	Locomotives with a diesel-hydraulic or diesel-electric engine Maintenance cars, such as tamping machines, are excluded Powerheads are excluded
Shunters	Diesel or electric locomotives with an engine power of up to 1,000 kW In the US, diesel locomotives with up to 1,800 kW are considered shunters For the CIS, the power threshold is set at 1,200 kW Exceptions can be applied where deemed appropriate
Electric multiple units (EMUs)	Multiple units composed of railcars with electric engines and railcar trailers, differentiated further by speed: between 161 and 219 km/h and up to 160 km/h (split for intercity/regional) Standardised counting with single-deck equivalents: total number of multiple units multiplied by the assumed factor for double-deck units of 1.6
Diesel multiple units (DMUs)	Multiple units composed of railcars with diesel engines and railcar trailers, differentiated further by speed: between 161 and 219 km/h and up to 160 km/h (split for intercity/regional) Standardised counting with single-deck equivalents: total number of multiple units multiplied by the assumed factor for double-deck units of 1.6
Coaches	Passenger railway vehicles other than a railcar or a railcar trailer Sleeping cars, saloon cars, dining cars, and ambulance cars included Double-deck coaches are considered a separate category from single-deck coaches Standardised counting with single-deck equivalents: total number of coaches multiplied by the assumed factor for double-deck units of 1.6
Freight wagons	Railway vehicles intended for transport of goods Standardised counting: no differentiation by type
Light rail vehicles (LRVs)	Light rail vehicles/tramways Two categories of light rail vehicles are considered: light rail vehicles using an overhead cable (OHC) and catenary-free LRVs Catenary-free LRVs include both supercapacitors and those units with continuous power supply Standardised counting: each light rail vehicle, be it a powered unit or trailer, is counted in reference to a standard 30-metre vehicle
Metro vehicles	Metro products, also including rubber-tired systems Metro vehicles are separated into driver-operated and driverless vehicles Driverless metro vehicles are those vehicles/systems with Grade of Automation 3 and 4, according to the UITP classification Standardised counting: each unit/car is counted as one
Automated systems	All monorail and automated people mover systems (e.g., found at airports, theme parks, convention grounds) Driverless metro units utilising metro systems (e.g., found in Paris, Dubai Metro) are included in metro vehicles Standardised counting: each unit/car is counted as one
Alternative engines	Rolling stock with alternative engines, which is not part of one of the products mentioned in above categories, for example, battery-only, hybrid, or fuel cell rolling stock Rolling stock with alternative engines will be differentiated into the segments freight locomotives, multiple units, or shunters (standardised counting applies, like in respective conventional categories)
Incumbent	A rail company that held a dominant market position before the introduction of competition through rail market liberalisation

Infrastructure	Description
Superstructure – Rail	Not including rail for ballastless solutions Counting: kilometre
Superstructure – Sleepers	Includes fixtures Counting: quantity of total track length multiplied by the assumed quantity of sleepers per kilometre
Superstructure – Ballast	Counting: kilometre
Superstructure – Ballastless	Includes all material and labour components for the ballastless superstructure
Electrification – Traction power supply	Power supply stations, civil works excluded

Rail control (Control Command and Signalling) systems	Description
Rail control systems	Products for route control and related hardware, track products, specific software, and light signals (if in stations) Includes all components for electrical, mechanical, relay-based, and electronic systems, as well as digital interlockings and wayside equipment Includes both centralised and decentralised architecture
Automatic Train Protection (ATP)	All urban and non-urban trackside and onboard train protection equipment (balises, coded current ATP, baseline antenna, etc.) relying on conventional and advanced (e.g., ETCS, CBTC) technology, as well as trackside line signals Includes positive train control (PTC) equipment Includes telecommunication equipment required for the train protection functionality, especially for urban ATP CBTC applications

Rail control (Control Command and Signalling) systems

Description

Rail control systems

Products for route control and related hardware, track products, specific software, and light signals (if in stations)
Includes all components for electrical, mechanical, relay-based, and electronic systems, as well as digital interlockings and wayside equipment
Includes both centralised and decentralised architecture

Automatic Train Protection (ATP)

All urban and non-urban trackside and onboard train protection equipment (balises, coded current ATP, baseline antenna, etc.) relying on conventional and advanced (e.g., ETCS, CBTC) technology, as well as trackside line signals
Includes positive train control (PTC) equipment
Includes telecommunication equipment required for the train protection functionality, especially for urban ATP CBTC applications

Services	Description
Maintenance rolling stock	Describes the labour portion of maintenance works carried out on rolling stock Light maintenance: day-to-day repairs and component exchanges Heavy maintenance: more substantial interventions as well as major overhaul of railway vehicles Counting: is calculated based on representative countries, average costs per product segment, operational performance, efficiency of staff, average labour costs, and productivity factors
Refurbishment rolling stock	Describes the labour portion of refurbishment works carried out on rolling stock Modernisation and adaptation of rolling stock to a completely new concept or design In many cases, only the body shell of railway vehicles remains unchanged Counting: is calculated based on representative countries, average costs per product segment, operational performance, efficiency of staff, average labour costs, and productivity factors
Spare parts rolling stock	Material share of the services business for maintenance and refurbishment, respectively
Services infrastructure	Regular maintenance work, including labour and material Rail control parts excluded

Turnkey	Description
Turnkey management/integration	Turnkey projects combine at least two of the three key product segments (rolling stock, rail control, and infrastructure) with a management portion and an optional services part; operations may also be part of turnkey projects but are not in scope, neither are civil works Only the value added by project management is included; the value of rolling stock, infrastructure, services, and rail control elements is subsumed under the respective segments

Turnkey

Description

Turnkey management/integration

Turnkey projects combine at least two of the three key product segments (rolling stock, rail control, and infrastructure) with a management portion and an optional services part; operations may also be part of turnkey projects but are not in scope, neither are civil works
Only the value added by project management is included; the value of rolling stock, infrastructure, services, and rail control elements is subsumed under the respective segments

Bibliography

Alstom: Alstom Equips S-Bahn Hamburg for Digital Rail Operations. Press release, 2025
Alstom: DB and Alstom Test Remote Driving for Commuter Trains in a Depot Environment. Press release, 2026
Association of American Railroads (AAR): Freight Rail Facts & Figures. 2024
Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC): Annual Report. 2025
Autorité de Régulation des Transports (ART): French Rail Transport Market. Report, 2024
Centralny Port Komunikacyjny (CPK): CPK Multiannual Programme 2024-2032. News article, 2025
CER, UITP, and UNIFE: Expert Guidance on the Implementation of the Cyber Resilience Act in Mainline and Urban Railways. Guidance document, 2026
China Daily: China's Railway Network Expansion. News article, 2024
China Daily: High-Speed Rail's Rapid Rise Rolls On. News article, 2026
CINEA: CEF Transport Funding for Sustainable and Connected Mobility. News article, 2025
Council of the European Union: EU assistance to Ukraine: energy security and infrastructure. Web page, 2026
CRRC Corporation Limited: Annual Results Announcement. Annual report, 2024
Deutsche Bahn: Development of the Infrastructure. Integrated report, 2024
Deutsche Bahn – Digitale Schiene Deutschland: Die Zukunft der Eisenbahn. Brochure, 2024
Digirail: Pursuing the European Lead in Rail Transport. Project website, 2026
Ecofin Agency: Algeria Issues Tenders for Railway Under Rail Expansion Drive. News article, 2026
Emergen Research: US Rail Infrastructure Market. Market report, 2025
ETInfra: Kavach Deployment and Signalling Modernisation by Indian Railways. News article, 2026
European Commission: 9th Report on Monitoring Development of the Rail Market. Report, 2025
European Commission: Baltic Sea–Black Sea–Aegean Sea Corridor. Web page, 2026
European Commission: Connecting Europe Facility 2028-2034. News article, 2025
European Commission: ERTMS – More Important Than Ever. News article, 2026
European Commission: ERTMS – State of Play. Web page, 2024
European Commission: ERTMS – Third Work Plan of the European Coordinator Matthias Ruete. 2026
European Commission: Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1695. Regulation, 2023
European Commission: North Sea–Baltic Corridor. Web page, 2026
European Commission: Passenger Package. 2026
European Commission: Plan to Accelerate High-Speed Rail Across Europe. News article, 2025
European Commission: Rail Market Packages Overview. Web page, 2024
European Data Protection Board (EDPB): Guidelines on Processing of Personal Data Through Video Devices. Guidelines, 2020
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA): NIS Investments 2025. Report, 2025
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA): Railway Cybersecurity – Good Practices in Cyber Risk Management. Report, 2021
European Union Agency for Railways (ERA): Railway Factsheet. Web page, 2025
FS News: New ETR1000 Trains for High-Speed Rail. News article, 2026
German Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur): Market Study for Railways. Market study, 2025
Government of Japan (e-Stat): Railway Rolling Stock Production Dynamics Statistics – Annual Report. Statistical report, 2024
Hitachi Rail: Australia: World First – Fully Autonomous Heavy-Haul Rail Network. Case study, 2024
Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg: User Acceptance of Fully Autonomous Public Transport. Conference paper, 2017
India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF): Indian Railways Industry Analysis. 2025
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): IEC 62290-1 – Railway Applications: Urban Guided Transport Management and Command/Control Systems. Standard, 2024
International Union of Railways (UIC): Atlas High-Speed Rail. 2024
International Union of Railways (UIC): Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS). Web page, 2023
International Union of Railways (UIC): Railway Statistics Synopsis. 2025
MDPI: Feasibility and Challenges of Pilotless Passenger Aircraft: Technological, Regulatory, and Societal Perspectives. Journal article, 2026
Ministry of Railways (Government of India): Indian Railways Coach Production. Press release, 2025
Ministry of Railways (Government of India): Railway Network Electrification. Press release, 2025
Ministry of Railways (Government of India): Year End Review. Press release, 2024
Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China: Nationwide Urban Rail Transit Operating Mileage exceeds 11,710 km. News article, 2026
Network Rail: Control Period 7 (CP7) Delivery Plans (2024-2029). Delivery plan, 2024
Network Rail: Network Rail's £4bn Train Control Systems Framework to Revolutionise Signalling Across Britain. Press release, 2024
OECD: Competitive Neutrality Toolkit, Promoting a Level Playing Field. 2024
Office of Rail and Road (ORR): Network Rail Efficiency and Finance Assessment. Assessment report, 2025
PAP Biznes: PKP PLK to spend around PLN 11 billion on investments in 2025. News article, 2025
Railway Gazette International: Light Rail. 2025
Railway Gazette International: Metro. 2025
Railway Gazette International: NS and CAF test Train Automation Technology. News article, 2024
Railway Supply: JR Central Expands Shinkansen Fleet. News article, 2024
Research and Markets: Rail Infrastructure Construction Market in Brazil. Market report, 2023
Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI): Key Figures and Annual Report. Annual report, 2024
ROLLINGSTOCK Agency: Moscow Metro Fleet Expansion. News article, 2025
ROLLINGSTOCK Agency: Rolling Stock Production in Russia. Industry analysis, 2024
Rolling stock World: Moscow Plans to Purchase About 700 Metro Cars in 2026 and 2027. News article, 2025
Siemens AG: AI-Based Obstacle Detection for Train Operations in Rail Depots. Press release, 2025
Siemens Mobility: Deutsche Bahn orders Additional ICE 3neo Trains from Siemens Mobility. Press release, 2023
Siemens Mobility: €2 Billion Double-Decker Train Contract for Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). Press release, 2026
Siemens Mobility: Fully Automated Trains for Copenhagen's Suburban Rail System. Press release, 2026
Škoda Group: Electric Train Supply Contract for Uzbekistan. Press release, 2023
South China Morning Post: China plans high-speed rail expansion by 2030. News article, 2025
State Council Information Office of China: China adds 2,000 km of High-Speed Rail in 2025. Press release, 2025
State Council of the People's Republic of China: China's Urban Rail Transit Trips skyrocket 130 pct in December 2023. News article, 2024
Swiss Federal Railways (SBB): Expansion Step 2035 (STEP ES 2035). Web page, 2024
The Economic Times: L&T wins contract for Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project. News article, 2025
Transport Canada: Transportation in Canada. Annual Report, 2024
TTG Italia: Italo Passenger Traffic Growth. News article, 2023
UK Department for Transport: Full Steam Ahead: Young People Take the Driver's Seat to Improve Train Services and Unlock Jobs. Press release, 2025
UK Department for Transport: Great British Railways: William-Shapps Plan for Rail. 2021
VDV: Personal- und Fachkräftebedarf im ÖPNV. Industry report, 2024
Wabtec Corporation: Kazakhstan Locomotive Supply Agreement. Press release, 2025
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA): Rail Modernization Program. Board presentation, 2025
YouGov: Public Attitudes Toward Driverless Cars. Survey report, 2025

Transport segment

Description

Very high-speed (VHS)

Rolling stock laid out for operations at ≥ 300 km/h; infrastructure laid out for operations at ≥ 250 km/h

Mainline

High-speed (HS), intercity and regional traffic products
If broad or narrow gauges play a significant role, corresponding infrastructure and rolling stock are accounted for
Commuter rail (e.g., S-Bahn)

Urban

Light rail/tramway products (both operating with overhead cable and catenary-free products)
Metro products, also including rubber-tired systems
Automated systems, including people mover systems and monorail systems

Freight

Products employed solely for freight operations; mixed infrastructure (track used for passenger and freight operations) is included in the mainline segment

Rolling stock categories

Description

Very high-speed trains (VHS trains)

Trains with operational speed over and equal to 300 km/h
Standardised counting: each car is counted as one unit (e.g., a trainset with eight cars and two power heads is counted as ten units)

High-speed trains (HS trains)

Trains with operational speed from 220 to 299 km/h
Excluding locomotives at speed threshold; these are allocated to electric locomotives
Standardised counting: each car is counted as one unit (e.g., a trainset with eight cars and two power heads is counted as ten units)

Electric locomotives

Locomotives with an electric engine
Powerheads are excluded

Diesel locomotives

Locomotives with a diesel-hydraulic or diesel-electric engine
Maintenance cars, such as tamping machines, are excluded
Powerheads are excluded

Shunters

Diesel or electric locomotives with an engine power of up to 1,000 kW
In the US, diesel locomotives with up to 1,800 kW are considered shunters
For the CIS, the power threshold is set at 1,200 kW
Exceptions can be applied where deemed appropriate

Electric multiple units (EMUs)

Multiple units composed of railcars with electric engines and railcar trailers, differentiated further by speed: between 161 and 219 km/h and up to 160 km/h (split for intercity/regional)
Standardised counting with single-deck equivalents: total number of multiple units multiplied by the assumed factor for double-deck units of 1.6

Diesel multiple units (DMUs)

Multiple units composed of railcars with diesel engines and railcar trailers, differentiated further by speed: between 161 and 219 km/h and up to 160 km/h (split for intercity/regional)
Standardised counting with single-deck equivalents: total number of multiple units multiplied by the assumed factor for double-deck units of 1.6

Coaches

Passenger railway vehicles other than a railcar or a railcar trailer
Sleeping cars, saloon cars, dining cars, and ambulance cars included
Double-deck coaches are considered a separate category from single-deck coaches
Standardised counting with single-deck equivalents: total number of coaches multiplied by the assumed factor for double-deck units of 1.6

Freight wagons

Railway vehicles intended for transport of goods
Standardised counting: no differentiation by type

Light rail vehicles (LRVs)

Light rail vehicles/tramways
Two categories of light rail vehicles are considered: light rail vehicles using an overhead cable (OHC) and catenary-free LRVs
Catenary-free LRVs include both supercapacitors and those units with continuous power supply
Standardised counting: each light rail vehicle, be it a powered unit or trailer, is counted in reference to a standard 30-metre vehicle

Metro vehicles

Metro products, also including rubber-tired systems
Metro vehicles are separated into driver-operated and driverless vehicles
Driverless metro vehicles are those vehicles/systems with Grade of Automation 3 and 4, according to the UITP classification
Standardised counting: each unit/car is counted as one

Automated systems

All monorail and automated people mover systems (e.g., found at airports, theme parks, convention grounds)
Driverless metro units utilising metro systems (e.g., found in Paris, Dubai Metro) are included in metro vehicles
Standardised counting: each unit/car is counted as one

Alternative engines

Rolling stock with alternative engines, which is not part of one of the products mentioned in above categories, for example, battery-only, hybrid, or fuel cell rolling stock
Rolling stock with alternative engines will be differentiated into the segments freight locomotives, multiple units, or shunters (standardised counting applies, like in respective conventional categories)

Incumbent

A rail company that held a dominant market position before the introduction of competition through rail market liberalisation

Infrastructure

Description

Superstructure – Rail

Not including rail for ballastless solutions
Counting: kilometre

Superstructure – Sleepers

Includes fixtures
Counting: quantity of total track length multiplied by the assumed quantity of sleepers per kilometre

Superstructure – Ballast

Counting: kilometre

Superstructure – Ballastless

Includes all material and labour components for the ballastless superstructure

Electrification – Traction power supply

Power supply stations, civil works excluded

Rail control (Control Command and Signalling) systems	Description
Rail control systems	Products for route control and related hardware, track products, specific software, and light signals (if in stations) Includes all components for electrical, mechanical, relay-based, and electronic systems, as well as digital interlockings and wayside equipment Includes both centralised and decentralised architecture
Automatic Train Protection (ATP)	All urban and non-urban trackside and onboard train protection equipment (balises, coded current ATP, baseline antenna, etc.) relying on conventional and advanced (e.g., ETCS, CBTC) technology, as well as trackside line signals Includes positive train control (PTC) equipment Includes telecommunication equipment required for the train protection functionality, especially for urban ATP CBTC applications

Rail control (Control Command and Signalling) systems

Description

Rail control systems

Products for route control and related hardware, track products, specific software, and light signals (if in stations)
Includes all components for electrical, mechanical, relay-based, and electronic systems, as well as digital interlockings and wayside equipment
Includes both centralised and decentralised architecture

Automatic Train Protection (ATP)

All urban and non-urban trackside and onboard train protection equipment (balises, coded current ATP, baseline antenna, etc.) relying on conventional and advanced (e.g., ETCS, CBTC) technology, as well as trackside line signals
Includes positive train control (PTC) equipment
Includes telecommunication equipment required for the train protection functionality, especially for urban ATP CBTC applications

Services

Description

Maintenance rolling stock

Describes the labour portion of maintenance works carried out on rolling stock
Light maintenance: day-to-day repairs and component exchanges
Heavy maintenance: more substantial interventions as well as major overhaul of railway vehicles
Counting: is calculated based on representative countries, average costs per product segment, operational performance, efficiency of staff, average labour costs, and productivity factors

Refurbishment rolling stock

Describes the labour portion of refurbishment works carried out on rolling stock
Modernisation and adaptation of rolling stock to a completely new concept or design
In many cases, only the body shell of railway vehicles remains unchanged
Counting: is calculated based on representative countries, average costs per product segment, operational performance, efficiency of staff, average labour costs, and productivity factors

Spare parts rolling stock

Material share of the services business for maintenance and refurbishment, respectively

Services infrastructure

Regular maintenance work, including labour and material
Rail control parts excluded

Turnkey	Description
Turnkey management/integration	Turnkey projects combine at least two of the three key product segments (rolling stock, rail control, and infrastructure) with a management portion and an optional services part; operations may also be part of turnkey projects but are not in scope, neither are civil works Only the value added by project management is included; the value of rolling stock, infrastructure, services, and rail control elements is subsumed under the respective segments

Turnkey

Description

Turnkey management/integration

Turnkey projects combine at least two of the three key product segments (rolling stock, rail control, and infrastructure) with a management portion and an optional services part; operations may also be part of turnkey projects but are not in scope, neither are civil works
Only the value added by project management is included; the value of rolling stock, infrastructure, services, and rail control elements is subsumed under the respective segments

Bibliography

Alstom: Alstom Equips S-Bahn Hamburg for Digital Rail Operations. Press release, 2025

Alstom: DB and Alstom Test Remote Driving for Commuter Trains in a Depot Environment. Press release, 2026

Association of American Railroads (AAR): Freight Rail Facts & Figures. 2024

Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC): Annual Report. 2025

Autorité de Régulation des Transports (ART): French Rail Transport Market. Report, 2024

Centralny Port Komunikacyjny (CPK): CPK Multiannual Programme 2024-2032. News article, 2025

CER, UITP, and UNIFE: Expert Guidance on the Implementation of the Cyber Resilience Act in Mainline and Urban Railways. Guidance document, 2026

China Daily: China's Railway Network Expansion. News article, 2024

China Daily: High-Speed Rail's Rapid Rise Rolls On. News article, 2026

CINEA: CEF Transport Funding for Sustainable and Connected Mobility. News article, 2025

Council of the European Union: EU assistance to Ukraine: energy security and infrastructure. Web page, 2026

CRRC Corporation Limited: Annual Results Announcement. Annual report, 2024

Deutsche Bahn: Development of the Infrastructure. Integrated report, 2024

Deutsche Bahn – Digitale Schiene Deutschland: Die Zukunft der Eisenbahn. Brochure, 2024

Digirail: Pursuing the European Lead in Rail Transport. Project website, 2026

Ecofin Agency: Algeria Issues Tenders for Railway Under Rail Expansion Drive. News article, 2026

Emergen Research: US Rail Infrastructure Market. Market report, 2025

ETInfra: Kavach Deployment and Signalling Modernisation by Indian Railways. News article, 2026

European Commission: 9th Report on Monitoring Development of the Rail Market. Report, 2025

European Commission: Baltic Sea–Black Sea–Aegean Sea Corridor. Web page, 2026

European Commission: Connecting Europe Facility 2028-2034. News article, 2025

European Commission: ERTMS – More Important Than Ever. News article, 2026

European Commission: ERTMS – State of Play. Web page, 2024

European Commission: ERTMS – Third Work Plan of the European Coordinator Matthias Ruete. 2026

European Commission: Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1695. Regulation, 2023

European Commission: North Sea–Baltic Corridor. Web page, 2026

European Commission: Passenger Package. 2026

European Commission: Plan to Accelerate High-Speed Rail Across Europe. News article, 2025

European Commission: Rail Market Packages Overview. Web page, 2024

European Data Protection Board (EDPB): Guidelines on Processing of Personal Data Through Video Devices. Guidelines, 2020

European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA): NIS Investments 2025. Report, 2025

European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA): Railway Cybersecurity – Good Practices in Cyber Risk Management. Report, 2021

European Union Agency for Railways (ERA): Railway Factsheet. Web page, 2025

FS News: New ETR1000 Trains for High-Speed Rail. News article, 2026

German Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur): Market Study for Railways. Market study, 2025

Government of Japan (e-Stat): Railway Rolling Stock Production Dynamics Statistics – Annual Report. Statistical report, 2024

Hitachi Rail: Australia: World First – Fully Autonomous Heavy-Haul Rail Network. Case study, 2024

Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg: User Acceptance of Fully Autonomous Public Transport. Conference paper, 2017

India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF): Indian Railways Industry Analysis. 2025

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): IEC 62290-1 – Railway Applications: Urban Guided Transport Management and Command/Control Systems. Standard, 2024

International Union of Railways (UIC): Atlas High-Speed Rail. 2024

International Union of Railways (UIC): Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS). Web page, 2023

International Union of Railways (UIC): Railway Statistics Synopsis. 2025

MDPI: Feasibility and Challenges of Pilotless Passenger Aircraft: Technological, Regulatory, and Societal Perspectives. Journal article, 2026

Ministry of Railways (Government of India): Indian Railways Coach Production. Press release, 2025

Ministry of Railways (Government of India): Railway Network Electrification. Press release, 2025

Ministry of Railways (Government of India): Year End Review. Press release, 2024

Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China: Nationwide Urban Rail Transit Operating Mileage exceeds 11,710 km. News article, 2026

Network Rail: Control Period 7 (CP7) Delivery Plans (2024-2029). Delivery plan, 2024

Network Rail: Network Rail's £4bn Train Control Systems Framework to Revolutionise Signalling Across Britain. Press release, 2024

OECD: Competitive Neutrality Toolkit, Promoting a Level Playing Field. 2024

Office of Rail and Road (ORR): Network Rail Efficiency and Finance Assessment. Assessment report, 2025

PAP Biznes: PKP PLK to spend around PLN 11 billion on investments in 2025. News article, 2025

Railway Gazette International: Light Rail. 2025

Railway Gazette International: Metro. 2025

Railway Gazette International: NS and CAF test Train Automation Technology. News article, 2024

Railway Supply: JR Central Expands Shinkansen Fleet. News article, 2024

Research and Markets: Rail Infrastructure Construction Market in Brazil. Market report, 2023

Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI): Key Figures and Annual Report. Annual report, 2024

ROLLINGSTOCK Agency: Moscow Metro Fleet Expansion. News article, 2025

ROLLINGSTOCK Agency: Rolling Stock Production in Russia. Industry analysis, 2024

Rolling stock World: Moscow Plans to Purchase About 700 Metro Cars in 2026 and 2027. News article, 2025

Siemens AG: AI-Based Obstacle Detection for Train Operations in Rail Depots. Press release, 2025

Siemens Mobility: Deutsche Bahn orders Additional ICE 3neo Trains from Siemens Mobility. Press release, 2023

Siemens Mobility: €2 Billion Double-Decker Train Contract for Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). Press release, 2026

Siemens Mobility: Fully Automated Trains for Copenhagen's Suburban Rail System. Press release, 2026

Škoda Group: Electric Train Supply Contract for Uzbekistan. Press release, 2023

South China Morning Post: China plans high-speed rail expansion by 2030. News article, 2025

State Council Information Office of China: China adds 2,000 km of High-Speed Rail in 2025. Press release, 2025

State Council of the People's Republic of China: China's Urban Rail Transit Trips skyrocket 130 pct in December 2023. News article, 2024

Swiss Federal Railways (SBB): Expansion Step 2035 (STEP ES 2035). Web page, 2024

The Economic Times: L&T wins contract for Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project. News article, 2025

Transport Canada: Transportation in Canada. Annual Report, 2024

TTG Italia: Italo Passenger Traffic Growth. News article, 2023

UK Department for Transport: Full Steam Ahead: Young People Take the Driver's Seat to Improve Train Services and Unlock Jobs. Press release, 2025

UK Department for Transport: Great British Railways: William-Shapps Plan for Rail. 2021

VDV: Personal- und Fachkräftebedarf im ÖPNV. Industry report, 2024

Wabtec Corporation: Kazakhstan Locomotive Supply Agreement. Press release, 2025

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA): Rail Modernization Program. Board presentation, 2025

YouGov: Public Attitudes Toward Driverless Cars. Survey report, 2025